Rizal the Traveler
Rizal’s
Life: Higher Education & Life Abroad
RIZAL
IN MADRID
Before
Leaving
·
Paciano’s worries
·
Antonio Rivera and his
charming daughter Leonor
· Rizal’s Mission
RIZAL’S VOYAGE
·
On board the salvadora
·
Transferred to Djemnah
·
Reached Marseilles, Italy
·
Reached Barcelona, Spain via
train ride
PACIANO’S LETTER TO JOSE
it is being said here that you will
complete your course in medicine in Barcelona and not in Madrid; to my way of
thinking the principal way of your going is not to perfect yourself in this
career, but in other matters of “greater usefulness” or, which comes to
the same thing, in that to which you are most inclined.
THE SPANISH CORTES
IN MADRID
·
Budgeted his time
·
Reads extensively
·
The frailocracy
·
The Circulo Hispano-Filipino
·
The idea of writing a book
1884
-
Received his Licentiate in
Medicine
-
Planned to get Doctorate in
Medicine
1885
-
Received his degree Licenciado
en Filisofia y Letras
THE TOASTING SPEECH
-
Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts
-
Honored the two artists
-
Criticized the friars
-
Recognition in Philippines
Rizal raised his glass for:
-
The two painters
-
The Spanish guests
-
The Filipino youth
-
The parents
In the Philippines
·
Rizal was cautioned that went
far enough and should go no further
·
It had made Rizal many enemies
· Rizal should not to return to the Philippines
…We read (His Writings) with admiration, assimilating those concepts, weighing those thoughts readily, enthusiastically, because within Us, there was an echo which, though timid, answered his voice…” - ANTONIO LUNA
ANTONIO LUNA
RIZAL IN FRANCE AND GERNAMY
IN PARIS AND HEIDELBERG
July 1885
-
Stayed in Luna’s studio
- Become an apprentice of Louis de Wecker
Louis de Wecker-
Famous surgeon
- Innovator of practical advance in eye surgery particularly in cataract
Louis
de Wecker
February 1886
-
Left Paris and set out for
Germany, particularly at the most importance ophthalmic research center, the Universitats
Augenklinik in Heidelberg.
-
Became an apprentice of Otto
Becker
Otto Becker
-
Vienna-trained ophthalmologist
-
Professor at the University of
Heidelberg
-
His clinic became a model for
eye clinics throughout Germany
Otto Becker
-
Rizal moved from Heidelberg to Wilhemsfeld,
Germany upon the invitation of Pastor Karl Ullmer.
ON CHARGES OF HAVING BEEN INFLUENCED BY
PROTESTANTISM
-
He mentioned in a letter to
Pablo Pastelles:
o
(in conversation with Pastor
Ullmer, they came to a conclusion that…) religion, whichever one it may be
should not cause men to be enemies of one another but real brothers.
-
After making corrections and
editing, Rizal was already contemplating the publish of his novel with concerns
such as:
o
The cost of publishing the book
o
The possibility of the book
being banned in the Philippines
o
It is not primarily intended to
make profit
-
Leipzig had the reputation of
the best and cheapest printing books in foreign language
August to October 1886
-
Rizal arrived at Leipzig which
he discovered had the cheapest rate of living among the different places in
Europe
BERLIN
November 1886 to May 1887
-
Rizal stayed in the Hotel
Central in the early winter of 1886.
-
Stayed at a cheaper room at
Jaegerstrasse.
-
Rizal was struggling
financially that he had to count every penne Rizal has.
-
Rizal’s diet was reduced to a
glass of water (breakfast), a dish of vegetable (lunch), and a snack (dinner)
which he would sometimes skip.
- Rizal got sick and was confined at his room, a little unmotivated and was doubting his capacity to finish and put out his work
Maximo Viola, a friend who had recently finished his studies in Barcelona, came to Germany and found Rizal in such a bad state.
Developed a deep and lasting friendship with Ferdinand Blumentritt mainly though correspondence.
-
Rizal was introduced to other
intellectual who were studying and putting out books with the Philippines and
its people as its subject.
Feodor Jagor
-
Studying human cranium and its
relation to the state of various cultures particularly undertaken during his
extensive journey to the Asian continent.
Rudolf Virchow
-
German anthropologist,
physician, panthologist, biologist, and writer.
THE
NOLI ME TANGERE
-
February 21 1887
o
The final manuscript of Rizal’s
first novel was produced after almost 2 and a half years.
-
Maximo Viola offered to finance
the publication of the book.
-
In a letter to his brother,
Paciano, he mentioned again his intension of returning to Philippines once the
novel is published.
-
Blumentritt commended Rizal for
his love and dedication to his motherland and its people.
“Noli Me Tangere”
-
Jesus words to Mary Magdalene
upon His resurrection.
-
The novel was dedicated to “A
Mi Patria” – To My Motherland.
About Noli Me Tangere
-
A returning student name
Crisostomo Ibarra decided to establish a new school in his hometown.
-
Despite his good intensions, he
was prisoned and became considered as an enemy of the society he had tried to
help.
-
He was saved by an outlaw named
Elias
Noli Me Tangere Frontpage is consist of:
Cross – Religious faith.
Woman’s Silhouette – Being persistent and dedicated.
Dedication of Rizal for
his parents – “A Mi Padres Al escribir esta obra he estado pensando
continuamente en vosotros que me habeis infundido los primeros pensamientos y
las primeras ideas; a vosotros os decidico este manuscripto de mi joventud como
prueba de amor. Berlin, 21 Febrero de 1887.”
- To my parents, when writing this work, I continually think of you who have infused in me the first thoughts and ideas; to you I dedicate this novel as proof of my love. Berlin 21 February, 1887.
Bamboo – Resiliency.
Whip and Chain – Instrument
of torture.
Hairy Feet – the friars.
March 21, 1887
-
Rizal sent off the first copies
of the Noli to selected group of friends and 2000 copies were sent from Spain
to the Philippines.
-
He also sent a copy of the
novel to the governor general and the arch bishop in the Philippines.
-
Starts preparing to return to
the Philippines
o
“I must leave beautiful, free,
learned, and civilized Europe, but I shall be more use in my country than
here”.
-
Ones allowance came from
Paciano, he paid back his debt to Viola.
-
Valentin Ventura recognized
Rizal for the impact of his work.
o Manifestation of 1888 – the gobernadorcillo of Manila presented the governor general petitions demanding the expulsion of the friars from the Philippines.
FIRST
HOMECOMING
Rizal views on Religion
-
Regularly attended mass through
regularly of his communion and confession (two sacraments of the Roman Catholic
Church) may be doubted.
-
Continued to acknowledge that
religion contains an element of faith and did not speculate on the nature of
God even though he may be considered a man of science.
-
Acknowledge the importance of
the church as a moral compass.
Rizal views on Politics
-
Sees Spain and the Philippines
as a single nation divided in two equal parts.
-
To achieve better unity between
the two, they must be regarded as equals.
-
Postulated that if Filipinos
are made aware of their unfortunate condition while Spain continue to ignore
the need for reform, demand for independence will arise.
-
Recognized the separation from
Spain will be achieved through armed revolution.
-
Opted for peaceful struggle.
TRACING RIZAL’S RETURN
-
Aboard the Djemnah bound
for Saigon (Vietnam).
-
Transferred to Haiphong
to arrive at Manila on 05 August 1887.
IN THE PHILIPPINES
-
Noli Me Tangere was actively
circulating in the Philippines and being sold in the La Gran Bretaña
bookshop.
-
There was a cautions atmosphere
around Rizal.
-
The Rizal family welcomed him
home but they were wary of his safety that the father, Francisco Mercado,
doesn’t allow Jose to go out alone.
-
Rumors were circulating about
Jose Rizal
o
A German spy
o
An agent of Otto von Bismarck
o
A Protestant
o
A mason
o
A heretic
-
He put up an aye clinic and
performed a number of successful cataract operations.
- He also put up a gymnasium later.
02 September 1887 – summoned at the Malacañan by Governor General Emilio Terrero for an interview.
-
The Archbishop of Manila
sent the copy of the Noli me Tangere that he received to the Dominican
Rectors of Sto. Tomas for their opinion.
-
The Dominican Rectors reported
back their unanimous findings.
o
Heretical
§ Opinion against the teachings of the church.
o
Impious
§ Disrespectful to the church.
o
Scandalous, unpatriotic, and
subversive
§ Intending to destabilize the existing institutions and system.
Pedro Payo, O.P.
Archbishop of Manila,
(1876 – 1889)
-
The Archbishop advised Gov. Ge.
Terrero that the book should be banned.
WHO ARE THE FREEMASONS?
Originated from guilds / organizations in the Medieval Period, they had their own secret signs, symbols, and gestures.
-
Today it is identified as a
social and philanthropic organization.
-
The Catholic Church condemned
freemasonry since 1783 due to its temples and secret rituals and fostering
religions tolerance and belief in conflict with the church.
-
Referred the question of the
Noli to the Permanent Commission on Censorship.
-
Arranged for Jose Rizal to be
accompanied by a well-educated, young, Spanish civil guard, Jose Taviel de
Andrade.
Jose Taviel de Andrade
-
Official duty was to protect
Jose Rizal.
(but also) to report back about Jose Rizal’s activities and plans.
-
Friends and family were
concerned of Jose Rizal’s safety due to the growing conflict with the friars.
Rizal was open to go back to Europe to:
o
Start writing the sequel to the
Noli Me Tangere
o
Research about the pre-colonial
stare of the Philippines which he believed was glory days of the Filipinos and
prove that out slave mentality developed as an outcome of Spanish time.
Jose Rizal stayed longer in the Philippines
because:
o
Olimpia died of miscarriage and the Rizal family was mourning her death.
o
Leonor and Jose has yet to meet.
§ Leonor was staying in Dagupan, Pangasinan.
§ The two fathers, Antonio Rivera and Francisco Mercado, did not allow
the meeting of the lovers.
-
Governor General Terrero
believed that it is better to allow the Noli me Tangere to circulate quietly
despite its controversial content rather than sensationalizing it further if
prohibited.
December 1887
-
The Censorship Commission
issued its report to the Governor General.
o
Written by an Augustinian
friar, Salvador Font.
Salvador Font
-
Described the Noli as
‘pernicious’
-
Identified that the goal of the
book was independence
-
Mentioned that the book was
full of foreign teachings that inspire hare towards Spain
- Recommended the absolute prohibition of the book
REACTION OF THE FRIARS
-
Vehemently rant on the pulpit
against the Noli
-
Demanded the prohibition of the
book and the arrest and imprisonment of its author, Jose Rizal
o
Public interest was stimulated
and the Noli was sold out in a few days
Jose shared this with Paciano and Narcisa,
and they decided that it is best for Rizal to leave.
Jose bade farewell to his family and left
for Manila
-
He was accompanied by his
brother-in-law and male cousins
o
For protection
o
To assist Jose as he was sick
when he left
RIZAL SECOND DEPARTURE IN HONGKONG AND JAPAN
Rizal left Manila for Hong Kong aboard the Zafiro
reached Hong Kong on 08 February 1888
> described by Rizal as a "...small but very clean commercial city"
> discovered a small Filipino community mainly of men who were exiled in the Marianas and escaped
> the men were described by Rizal as "...poor, harmless, timid people"
Jose Maria
Basa
Jose Maria Basa
> unlike the other men, Basa was able to make good business in Hong Kong
> former lawyer who was exiled in 1872
>
deeply interested in Rizal's work & supported him
>left Hong Kong aboard the Oceanic for Yokohama, Japan
he was politely invited by the Spanish diplomat to stay in the Legation
> to monitor Jose Rizal's activities in Japan
Rizal accepted the invitation for two reasons.
> economize, he will not need to pay for rent
> he has nothing to hide
the Spanish diplomat was impressed with Rizal that he offered a legation appointment to Rizal, Rizal declined
Rizal described Japan as "...an interesting place with beautiful scenery & peaceful inhabitants"
Usui Seiko - the Japanese girl that Rizal had love in his short stay in Japan
> Rizal fondly called her Osei-san
helped Rizal understand the Japanese language and also related to him the culture of the Japanese
Rizal left Japan for San Francisco, USA on board the Belgic in April 1888
RIZAL'S VISIT TO USA
• on board the Belgic, passengers were quarantined for 8 days as authorities did not wish to admit 800 Chinese migrants
his experiences in the US left an unfavorable impression
> observed the discrimination against Chinese & Black Americans & commented"...there was no real civil liberty here"
•he was less impressed by America compared
to European cities
He also spent 3 days in New York
•sailed via City of Rome (second largest liner in the world) bound for Liverpool, England
arrived at England on 24 May 1888 took the train to reach London
RIZAL IN LONDON
Rizal's purpose for staying in London was scholarly
> to research, obtain information, and write an account of the Philippines in the 16th century
Reinhold Rost-German supervising the India Office Library in London
> provided a copy of Antonio Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
SUCESOS
LAS
ISLAS FILIPINAS
DOCTOR ANTONIO DE MORGA
ORA PALICADA
NEEVESTIGE 3 AR De se
JOSE RIZAL
Por. FERNANDO BLUMENTRITT
Upon discovering the Sucesos, Rizal decided that it is better to annotate the Sucesos rather than to write a whole new book about pre-colonial Philippines
annotate means add notes to give explanation or comment
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas por el Dr. Antonio de morga, obra
publicada en Méjico el Año de 1609, nuevamente sacada a luz y anotada por José Rizal"
Events in the Philippine Islands by Dr. Antonio de Morga, published in Mexico in 1609, brought to light once again and annotated by José Rizal
after getting permission, Rizal stayed at the British Museum and found there a rare copy of the original Spanish edition of Morga's book
he was busy with a lot of things
> annotating the Sucesos
> writing the sequel to the Noli me Tangere > writing correspondence to his family > writing political correspondences formed a Filipino young men's club
> worked on sculptures
Antonio Maria Regidor promised to finance the publishing of the annotated edition of Morga's Sucesos
> he made arrangements for the Madrid consignment to be sent to Hong Kong where Jose Maria Basa undertook to sell as many copies as he could to the Philippines
Rizal found out that the copies of the Noli which he sent to Madrid remains uncollected as no one in the Filipino community of Madrid had troubled to inquire about it
> Rizal recognized that though there were other Filipinos who were outwardly showing friendship, there were forces that were criticizing & deliberately aiming to prevent his book from circulating
Rizal believed that there should be other brilliant Filipino writers who should actively push for the Filipino cause
Mariano Ponce sent a copy of an article in a Barcelona newspaper written under a pseudonym "Plaridel"
> it was Marcelo H. del Pilar
> he was conducting propaganda campaign in secrecy against the friars through a press in Malolos, Bulacan >he reached Barcelona in 1888 after learning of the friars intention to deport him because of his anti-friar views
The La Solidaridad became the instrument for the Propaganda Movement which demands:
> secularization of the parishes and removal of the friars
> representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes
> participation in the affairs of the government
> equality
> freedom to assemble, of the press, & of speech
> wider social & individual freedom
> assimilation / being considered as a province of Spain
Filipinos in Barcelona formed an organization
called La Solidaridad which launched a newspaper of the same name in February 1889
FROM AUSTIN COATES' RIZAL: PHILIPPINE NATIONALIST AND MARTYR
> Rizal and del Pilar pushes the same cause: assimilation
> but Rizal's confidence in assimilation is weakening (not yet publicly expressed) as a consequence of the reaction from friars & the Senate of Spain against the Noli
>the subject of Rizal's second novel was revolution
Governor General Valeriano Weyler replaced Gov. Gen. Terrero in May 1888
> having no background about the Philippines, he often sought the advise of the friars
> Noli me Tangere has been formally banned > Rizal's friend, Laureano Viado, was arrested and jailed for having a copy of the Noli me Tangere
Gertrude Beckett helped Rizal while staying in a boarding house of the Beckett's at London
• it was in 1888 that Rizal stopped receiving letters from Leonor
NOTABLE EVENTS HAPPENING IN 1888 ...
• persecution of the petitioners of the "Manifestation of 1888"
> also called Petition of March 1888, or the Anti-Friar Petition of 1888
>this was reported by Valentin Ventura to Rizal and mentioned that his efforts ("the Noli me Tangere) has taken effect
On March 1888, around 300 residents led by a group of gobernadorcillos of Manila, chief among them the Filipino lawyer and gobernadorcillo of Santa Cruz named Doroteo Cortes, marched to the office of then Gov. Gen. Terrero to present a petition with some 810 signatures, addressed to the Queen of Spain seeking the expulsion of all friars from the Philippines. The procession was calm and unmarked by any untoward incident. The petition was entitled "Viva España! Viva el Rey! Viva el Ejercito! Fuera los Frailes!" ("Long Live Spain! Long Live the King! Long Live the Army! Down with the Friars!). Petitioners believed that it was the friars' wrongdoings not only against the natives but also against the colonial government such as defiance of the ban of having corpses in churches, preventing the masses from learning Spanish, defending the Chinese who were disloyal to the government among others. In short, the friars were the reason the Filipinos were backward and the Philippines underdeveloped.
NOTABLE EVENTS HAPPENING IN 1888 ...
• persecution of the petitioners of the "Manifestation of 1888"
>the petition failed to reach the Queen
› Governor General Terrero was replaced
>the petition was debated by the Senate in Madrid and supported the arrest, and imprisonment or exile of 28 petitioners
-what most frustrated Rizal was the attitude of the Spanish Senate without giving any attention to the reason behind the petition
NOTABLE EVENTS HAPPENING IN 1888 ...
persecution of the Calamba tenants
> The Hacienda Calamba Conflict
-originally donated to the Jesuits, tenants were required to pay the rent known as canon while other inhabitants surrounding the hacienda only paid fees for irrigation but not canon
- when the Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines, the hacienda was sold to Don Clemente de Azansa
- when he died, the hacienda was purchased by the Dominicans who collected canon from all the lands cultivated in Calamba | the Dominican Hacienda now covered the whole town of Calamba & other surrounding cultivated land
NOTABLE EVENTS HAPPENING IN 1888 ...
• persecution of the Calamba tenants
> The Hacienda Calamba Conflict
- these lands were leased to several families including the Rizal's who rented one of the largest parcels of land rice & sugar were the main produce of the land
- in 1887, the government observed a discrepancy and wanted to check on the taxes imposed in the hacineda the Calamba tenants were asked about the rent that they pay to the Dominicans
- in January 1888, the tenants replied with a petition drafted by Rizal & signed by the principales of Calamba challenging the legitimacy of the land ownership of the Dominicans
-by February 1888, the Calamba tenants refused to pay the high rent imposed by the Dominicans
- 1889, the Dominicans brought the case to the Justice of Peace in Calamba and lost
NOTABLE EVENTS HAPPENING IN 1888 ...
• persecution of the Calamba tenants
> The Hacienda Calamba Conflict
-the Dominicans appealed to the Provincial Court of Sta. Cruz and won the nonpaying tenants were ordered to vacate the lands and, when some tenants refused, 50 civil guards went to the Hacienda to execute the eviction which resulted to burning of some homes and several injuries
- in 1891, Governor General Valeriano Weyler ordered the deportation of 25 individuals to Mindoro, including Paciano and his brothers-in-law Antonio Lopez (husband of Narcisa), Silvestre Ubaldo (widow of Olimpia), and Manuel Hidalgo (husband of Saturnina) was exiled in Bohol
RIZAL IN PARIS
he lived in a series of hotels before staying shortly at the home of friend Valentin Ventura
• La Politica de España en Filipinas - a newspaper disseminated to criticize the La Solidaridad
> Jose Feced served as its editor and Wenceslao Retana as its associate editor
• Rizal contributed articles for the La Solidaridad, as a reaction to a current event or a given situation but, while staying in Paris, he wrote an essay which appeared in the Sol by installments | the essay was titled "Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años"
Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años
> •explored the possibilities for the Philippines in the future
> reviewing the great powers and considering the aims & attitudes of neighboring countries & other foreign powers, he concluded that an independent Philippines need not worry about European powers which shall be concentrating its energies & interest in the African continent (*** slave trade) but there is a possibility that the US may have interest in grabbing for itself overseas possessions (*** Spain ceding the Philippines to America)
Rizal, at this time, was becoming more outspoken about the idea of complete independence in La Solidaridad, he mentioned...
"If a colonizing nation cannot bring happiness to her colonies, she must either abandon them or give them their liberty."
1889-Madrid issued two decrees concerning the Philippines
1> the application of the Civil Code in the Philippines (July 31)
2> the Becerra Law which aims to introduce local self-government or decentralization of power on the basis of elections (November 12) the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines only took action on these decrees as they saw fit
-Civil marriage was not included among the Civil Code items introduced (threat to the power of the friar) -measures of local self-government were only introduced in a few towns &, instead of election, the government appoints leaders of these towns
del Pilar took over the editorship of the La Solidaridad
> when Jose and Marcelo met in 1888, del Pilar shared his plans to move the Sol to Madrid and make it a weekly
Rizal formed the Filipino organization called Indios Bravos
objectives were: keep the Filipino colony united and encourage manly sports
> within it was a secret inner group called Rd. L. M. pledged to the liberation of the
malay people from colonial rule
may have meant "Redencion de los malayos" | Redemption of the Malay Race
Rizal demanded strict secrecy about the membership and the correspondences exchanged among members labeled Rd. L. M.
When Rizal and other Filipinos gathered in Paris for the Universal Exposition in 1889, they founded an organization called "Rd. L.M." Up to now, its existence and aims are yet to be understood completely. Historians have not even discovered what the acronym definitively stands for.
the annotated version of Morga's Sucesos was published in Spanish by Garnier
Freres in Paris
> Rizal ended up financing the publication of the book as he felt a little hesitation/ doubt from Regidor
> bulk of the copies were sent to Basa in Hong Kong who took the responsibility to enusre that it reach the Propaganda in Manila
>the Noli me Tangere was translated into German by Ferdinand Blumentritt
Coates described Rizal as being on edge/ stressed/sensitive during this period due to a lot of concerns, i.e. his family in a persecuted & cholera-stricken town and even the influence of the character of Simoun in his second novel
• Rizal used to fence with the Boustead sisters at the studio of Juan Luna
Antonio Luna, Juan's brother and also a frequent visitor of the Bousteads, courted Nelly but she was deeply infatuated with Rizal
• a drunken Antonio Luna uttered unsavory remarks against Nelly which prompted Rizal to challenge Luna into a duel
A rare photo of Nelly Bour sitting beside Antonio probably in Paris, 18
• Luna recognized his mistake & apologized to Rizal, thus averting the tragedy for the compatriots
RIZAL IN BRUSSELS, Belgium
Rizal planned to leave Paris for London but instead went to Brussels, Belgium on January 1890 from a friends invitation
Rizal stayed in a boarding house managed by the Jacoby sisters and a niece
> where Rizal met and had a short affair with Suzanne Jacoby
>the El Filibusterismo is nearing completion by this time and he starts thinking of going back to the Philippines
•his views were on the extreme
> death was often in his thoughts
> he became very good at shooting a gun
> he firmly believed that every patriot should serve in his own country- except those in pursuit of education and research abroad
- he mentioned to Basa his thoughts that it would be best for del Pilar to remain in the Philippines and continue to fight for the Filipino cause there
• Rizal wanted to give a chance to other writers/intellectuals to rise and fill the pages of La Solidaridad that he intentionally refrain from sending articles for the newspaper
> he used the pen name Laong Laan in the Sol meaning "Ever Prepared"
Rizal believed that it would be best for Filipinos to remain in the Philippines to give better service for the Filipino cause
>he opined that Lopez Jaena, instead of going to Cuba, should return to the Philippines > he also wanted to return to the Philippines but friends continue to advise him to be cautious in deciding to return to the Philippines
-Blumentritt suggested that Rizal return to Madrid where he can render service than return in Calamba
Rizal decided to return to Madrid to assist with the Hacienda Calamba litigation
> by May 1890, the case of the Hacienda Calamba conflict had reached the Real Audiencia of Manila which has gone in favor of the Dominicans
> with Paciano leading, the locals were preparing to appeal to the Tribunal Supremo in Madrid
> in August 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid with the intent of making a supreme effort to save his family
CONFLICT IN MADRID
• 06 September 1890 - troops were ordered to enter Calamba, Laguna to carry out eviction orders
>the Real Audiencia favored the Dominicans over the Hacienda Calamba conflict
> about 30 families were given 24-hour notice to leave
> Paciano, his brothers-in-law, and other residents of Calamba were deported to Mindoro
> Rizal's father and mother took refuge in their daughter's house, Narcisa
> Rizal was editing the El Filibusterismo, giving it a darker, deeper color....
this later came into the hands of revolutionary leader Andres Bonifacio which additionally inspired him to prepare and arm for revolution
Leonor broke off their engagement and announced her forthcoming marriage to Englishman Henry Kipping
> her mother, who was not in favor of their relationship ever since, has intentionally intercepted the letters between the two lovers
• the differing views between Rizal and del Pilar has created two factions between the Filipino community in Madrid
Leonor Rivera, the inspiration for Maria Clara. She was 15 years old when Rizal first left for Europe.
> example of this was Rizal criticizing the Filipinos in Madrid of their gambling habit and other vices as it only distracts them from pursuing the Filipino cause; del Pilar did not see the necessity of reprimanding them
•by January 1891, the Filipino community in Madrid/ Propaganda Movement decided to organize a committee which shall be in charge of directing the campaign in favor of the Philippines
> the committee shall be composed of a responsable and two advisors to be called counsel
> the leader would be elected by a two thirds vote among the 90 Filipinos living in Madrid >the responsable shall have the final say in the direction of the La Solidaridad
> •among friends who supported and campaigned for Rizal were Mariano Ponce, Antonio Luna and Galicano Apacible
> election was conducted on the first week of February 1891
•by January 1891, the Filipino community in Madrid/ Propaganda Movement decided to organize a committee which shall be in charge of directing the campaign in favor of the Philippines
> the committee shall be composed of a responsable and two advisors to be called counsel
> the leader would be elected by a two thirds vote among the 90 Filipinos living in Madrid >the responsable shall have the final say in the direction of the La Solidaridad
> •among friends who supported and campaigned for Rizal were Mariano Ponce, Antonio Luna and Galicano Apacible
> election was conducted on the first week of February 1891
RIZAL IN BIARRITZ, France
• he spent a month as a guest of the Boustead Family
> sorted out his feelings and ideas
> continued the correction of the El Fili
› courted Nelly
- Nelly was unsure of Rizal's feelings; if it was love of need for comfort and solace
- she did not approve of Rizal's view on religion nelly was a Protestant
• on the first week of March 1891, Rizal was leaving for Paris
> Rizal left with Nelly's promise that she would wait for him (about marriage) until he was ready to raise the question of a formal engagement to her father on one condition:
- that he "...embrace Christianity as I understand it and as it should be understood by all who cannot do anything without His help and His grace"
> before his departure, Rizal had mentioned his intention to marry Nelly to her father
-Eduardo Boustead was in favor of the couple but his wife was not
- he believes that they would live in Europe after the marriage
- he was willing to give them allowance to ensure that they would be well-off
Rizal returned to Paris
>he wrote a letter to Nelly questioning the sincerity of her promise due
to the condition that it entails
> they parted through this letter
RIZAL IN PARIS, BRUSSELS, and GHENT
• since the publication of the Sucesos, Rizal was always short on money
>though various friends would assist him whenever allowance from Manila would not come, he considers it as a debt which he repays to the last cent
> he wished to be financially self-supporting
Rizal was contemplating on putting his degree into practice but not in Europe
> on. April 4, he wrote to Basa asking if he can help him pay the cost of a messageries Maritimes (French shipping company) first-class passage from Europe to Hong Kong
left Paris and returned to Brussels where he stayed in the boarding house of the Jacobys
>he communicated to the Propaganda his decision to return to the Philippines, Hong Kong or Japan and asks that they cancel his allowance and devote the money to some better cause such as the education of students by the end of May 1891, the El Filibusterismo was completed
> in search of a cheaper printing, he moved to Ghent, Belgium where he shared lodging with Jose Alejandrino ("later became a revolutionary general)
Alvin Anson portraying Heneral Jose Alejandrino
in the movie Heneral Luna in mid-September, Valentin Ventura sent a sum to cover the cost of publishing the El Filibusterismo
Exact Copy of the Noli me angere and El Filibusterismo
TANGERE
Filibusterismo
September 18, 1891, Rizal wrote to Basa that he was on his way to Hong Kong with 800 copies of the El Filibusterismo
> he also sent out copies to his friends the El Filibusterismo
> was dedicated to the memory of the three Filipino priests executed in 1872
> Ibarra slipped out of the Philippines and made a fortune abroad as a merchant of jewelry
> Ibarra, who is now Simoun, returns to the Philippines with the intention of stirring up the revolution
> contains Rizal's belief that everything founded on hate shall fail >the dual purpose of the El Fili:
- incitement to revolt
-warning against a revolution
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